References

1.

National Osteoporosis Foundation.
2. Riggs, B.L. and L.J. Melton, 3rd, The worldwide problem of osteoporosis: insights afforded by epidemiology. Bone, 1995. 17(5 Suppl): p. 505S-511S.
3. Incidence of vertebral fracture in europe: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). J Bone Miner Res, 2002. 17(4): p. 716-24.
4. Ray, N.F., et al., Medical expenditures for the treatment of osteoporotic fractures in the United States in 1995: report from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. J Bone Miner Res, 1997. 12(1): p. 24-35.
5. Delmas, P.D., et al., Underdiagnosis of vertebral fractures is a worldwide problem: the IMPACT study. J Bone Miner Res, 2005. 20(4): p. 557-63.
6. *Grafe, I.A., et al., Reduction of pain and fracture incidence after kyphoplasty: 1-year outcomes of a prospective controlled trial of patients with primary osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int, 2005. 16(12): p. 2005-2012.
7. Komp, M., S. Ruetten, and G. Godolias, Minimally invasive therapy for functionally unstable osteoporotic vertebral fracture by means of kyphoplasty: prospective comparative study of 19 surgically and 17 conservatively treated patients. J Miner Stoffwechs, 2004. 11 (Suppl 1): p. 13-15; original article in German, English translation available.
8. Hallberg, I., et al., Health-related quality of life after osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int, 2004. 15(10): p. 834-41.
9. Hall, S.E., et al., A case-control study of quality of life and functional impairment in women with long-standing vertebral osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int, 1999. 9(6): p. 508-15.
10. Schlaich, C., et al., Reduced pulmonary function in patients with spinal osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int, 1998. 8(3): p. 261-7.
11.

Lindsay, R., S. Pack, and Z. Li, Longitudinal progression of fracture prevalence through a population of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int, 2005. 16(3): p. 306-12.
12.

Hallal, J.C., Back pain with postmenopausal osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. Geriatr Nurs, 1991. 12(6): p. 285-7.
13.

Sato, K., [Spinal deformity and back pain in spinal osteoporosis]. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi, 1984. 21(4): p. 297-303.
14.

Theodorou, D.J., et al., Percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty for the correction of spinal deformity in painful vertebral body compression fractures. J Clin Imag, 2002. 26: p. 1-5.
15

*†Garfin, S., A retrospective review of early outcomes of balloon kyphoplasty. Proceedings of the North American Spine Society, 2001.
16.

Coumans, J.V., M.K. Reinhardt, and I.H. Lieberman, Kyphoplasty for vertebral compression fractures: 1-year clinical outcomes from a prospective study. J Neurosurg, 2003. 99(1): p. 44-50.
17.

*†Garfin, S.R., R.A. Buckley, and J. Ledlie, Balloon kyphoplasty for symptomatic vertebral body compression fractures results in rapid, significant, and sustained improvements in back pain, function, and quality of life for elderly patients. Spine, 2006. 31(19): p. 2213-20.
18.

*†Ledlie, J.T. and M. Renfro, Balloon kyphoplasty: one-year outcomes in vertebral body height restoration, chronic pain, and activity levels. J Neurosurg, 2003. 98(1): p. 36-42.
19.

*†Ledlie, J.T. and M.B. Renfro, Kyphoplasty treatment of vertebral fractures: 2-year outcomes show sustained benefits. Spine, 2006. 31(1): p. 57-64.
20.

*Gold, D.T., The clinical impact of vertebral fractures: quality of life in women with osteoporosis. Bone, 1996. 18(3 Suppl): p. 185S-189S.
21.

Lyles, K.W., et al., Association of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with impaired functional status. Am J Med, 1993. 94(6): p. 595-601.
22.

Silverman, S.L., et al., The relationship of health-related quality of life to prevalent and incident vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation Study. Arthritis Rheum, 2001. 44(11): p. 2611-9.
23.

Boszczyk, B.M., et al., Microsurgical interlaminary vertebro- and kyphoplasty for severe osteoporotic fractures. J Neurosurg, 2004. 100(1 Suppl Spine): p. 32-7.
24.

Dudeney, S., et al., Kyphoplasty in the treatment of osteolytic vertebral compression fractures as a result of multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol, 2002. 20(9): p. 2382-2387.
25.

Fourney, D.R., et al., Percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for painful vertebral body fractures in cancer patients. J Neurosurg, 2003. 98(1): p. 21-30.
26.

*Lane, J.M., et al., Minimally invasive options for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Orthop Clin North Am, 2002. 33(2): p. 431-8, viii.
27.

*Lieberman, I. and M.K. Reinhardt, Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for osteolytic vertebral collapse. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2003(415 Suppl): p. S176-86.
28.

*Lieberman, I.H., et al., Initial outcome and efficacy of "kyphoplasty" in the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine, 2001. 26(14): p. 1631-8.
29.

*Phillips, F.M., et al., Early radiographic and clinical results of balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine, 2003. 28(19): p. 2260-5; discussion 2265-7.
30.

*Phillips, F.M., et al., An in vivo comparison of the potential for extravertebral cement leak after vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. Spine, 2002. 27(19): p. 2173-8; discussion 2178-9.
31.

Voggenreiter, G., Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures at an Advanced Age: Treatment Results of the Kyphoplastic Balloon Technique. Med Review, 2004. 1: p. 7-8.
32.

Wilhelm, K., et al., [Preliminary experience with balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of painful osteoporotic compression fractures]. Rofo, 2003. 175(12): p. 1690-6.
33.

*Wong, W., M.A. Reiley, and S. Garfin, Vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty. J Women's Imag, 2000. 2(3): p. 117-124.
34. Kyphon data on file.
35. Gaitanis, I.N., et al., Balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of pathological vertebral compressive fractures. Eur Spine J, 2005. 14(3): p. 250-60.
36. *Hillmeier, J., et al., [The evaluation of balloon kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral fractures. An interdisciplinary concept]. Orthopade, 2004. 33(8): p. 893-904.
37. Majd, M.E., S. Farley, and R.T. Holt, Preliminary outcomes and efficacy of the first 360 consecutive kyphoplasties for the treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine J, 2005. 5(3): p. 244-55.
38.

Black, D.M., et al., Prevalent vertebral deformities predict hip fractures and new vertebral deformities but not wrist fractures. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res, 1999. 14(5): p. 821-8.
39. Ross, P.D., et al., Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med, 1991. 114(11): p. 919-23.
40. Berruti, A., et al., Incidence of skeletal complications in patients with bone metastatic prostate cancer and hormone refractory disease: predictive role of bone resorption and formation markers evaluated at baseline. J Urol, 2000. 164(4): p. 1248-53.
41. Berenson, J.R., et al., Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal events in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. Myeloma Aredia Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1996. 334(8): p. 488-93.
42.

Brinker et al, “Failure of oral pamidronate to reduce skeletal morbidity in multiple myeloma: a doubleblind placebo controlled trial”, British Journal of Haematology, 1998, V.101, ppg 280-286
43.

Diamond et al, “Osteoporosis and Spinal Fractures in Men with Prostate Cancer: Risk Factors and Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy”, Journal of Urology, Volume 172, pg. 529-532, August 2004
44. Djulbegovic et al, “Bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma (Review)”, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2002, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003188, pg.1-32
45. Hortobagy et al, “Efficacy of Pamidronate in reducing skeletal event in patients with breast cancer and lytic bone metastases”, New England Journal of Medicine, 1996, Vol. 335, No. 24, ppg. 1785-1791.
46. McCloskey et al, “A randomized trial of the effect of clodronate on skeletal morbidity in multiple myeloma”, 1998, V.100, ppg 317-325.
47. Melton et al, “Fracture Risk with Multiple Myeloma: A Population-based Study”, V.20, No. 3, 2005, ppg 487-493.
48. Rao RD, Singrakhia MD. Painful osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Pathogenesis, evaluation, and roles of vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty in its management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A:2010-2022.
49. Papaioannou A, Watts NB, Kendler DL, Yuen CK, Adachi JD, Ferko N. Diagnosis and management of vertebral fractures in elderly adults. Am J Med. 2002;113:220-228.
50. *†Brunton S., et al. Vertebral compression fractures in primary care: recommendations from a consensus panel. J Fam Pract, 2005. 54(9):781-8.
51. Silverman SL. The clinical consequences of vertebral compression fracture. Bone 1992;13 Suppl 2:S27-31.
52. *†Gold DT, Silverman SL. The downward spiral of vertebral osteoporosis: consequences (Monograph). Cedars-Sinai Medical Center 2003.
53. Ross PD. Clinical consequences of vertebral fractures. Am J Med. 1997;103(suppI2A):30S-43S.
54. Matthis C, Weber U, O'Neill TW, Raspe H, and the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study Group. Health impact associated with vertebral deformities: Results from the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study (EVOS). Osteoporos Int. 1998;8:364-372.
55. Lyritis GP, Mayasis B, Tsakalakos N, et al. (1989) The natural history of the osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Clin Rheum Suppl 2(8):66-69.
56. *Gold DT. The nonskeletal consequences of osteoporotic fractures: Psychologic and social outcomes. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2001;27:255-262.
57. Lunt M, et al. Characteristics of a prevalent vertebral deformity predict subsequent vertebral fracture: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). Bone. 2003;33:505-513.
58. *†Taylor RS, et al. Balloon Kyphoplasty and Vertebroplasty for Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Comparative Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety Spine 2006;31:2747–2755
59. NHANES III 1988-1994 Data Set. National Center for Health Statistics. (www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/nh3data.htm)
60. Sinaki M. Falls, fractures, and hip pads. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2004;2(4):131-7.
61. Sinaki M, Brey RH, Hughes CA, Larson DR, Kaufman KR. Balance disorder and increased risk of falls in osteoporosis and kyphosis: significance of kyphotic posture and muscle strength. Osteoporos Int 2005;16(8):1004-10.
62. Leech JA, Dulberg C, Kellie S, Pattee L, Gay J. Relationship of lung function to severity of osteoporosis in women. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141(1):68-71.
63. Greendale GA, Barrett-Connor E, Ingles S, Haile R. Late physical and functional effects of osteoporotic fracture in women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995;43(9):955-61.
64. Pluijm SM, Tromp AM, Smit JH, Deeg DJ, Lips P. Consequences of vertebral deformities in older men and women. J Bone Miner Res 2000;15(8):1564-72.
65. Fink HA, Ensrud KE, Nelson DB, et al. Disability after clinical fracture in postmenopausal women with low bone density: the fracture intervention trial (FIT). Osteoporos Int 2003;14(1):69-76.
66. Nevitt MC, Ettinger B, Black DM, et al. The association of radiographically detected vertebral fractures with back pain and function: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1998;128(10):793-800.
67. van Schoor NM, Smit JH, Twisk JW, Lips P. Impact of vertebral deformities, osteoarthritis, and other chronic diseases on quality of life: a population-based study. Osteoporos Int 2005;16(7):749-56.
68. Kado DM, Browner WS, Palermo L, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Cummings SR. Vertebral fractures and mortality in older women: a prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1999;159(11):1215-20.
69. *Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Fracture risk following an osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int 2004;15(3):175-9.]
70. Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. Jama 2001;285(3):320-3.
71. Kado DM, Huang MH, Karlamangla AS, Barrett-Connor E, Greendale GA. Hyperkyphotic posture predicts mortality in older community-dwelling men and women: a prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52(10):1662-7.
72. Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Melton W III. Incidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: A population based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1985-1989. J Bone Min Res. 1992;7:221-227.
73. *Gold DT, Stegmaier K, Bales CW, Lyles KW, Westlund RE, Drezner MK. Psychosocial functioning and osteoporosis in late life: Results of a multidisciplinary intervention.J Womens Health. 1993;2:149-155.
74. Int'l Osteoporosis Foundation (www.osteofound.org)
75. *Crandall D, et al. (2004) Acute versus chronic vertebral compression fractures treated with kyphoplasty: Early results. Spine J 4(4):418-424
76.

O'Neill TW, Felsenberg D, Varlow J, Cooper C, Kanis JA, Silman AJ, and the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study Group. The prevalence of vertebral deformity in European men and women: The European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11:1010-1018.

Disclosure: an asterisk (*) denotes that some/all of the authors are paid Kyphon consultants. A cross (†) indicates that research cited may have been funded partially, or in whole, by Kyphon Inc.